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Moldovan (also Moldavian; ', or лимба молдовеняскэ in Moldovan Cyrillic) is one of the two names of the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova,〔("A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot that language and how to tell them apart" )〕 prescribed by the Article 13 of the current constitution;〔 ("Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova" )〕 the other name, recognized by the Declaration of Independence of Moldova and the Constitutional Court, is "Romanian". At official level, the Constitutional Court interpreted in 2013 that the Article 13 of the current constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence, thus giving official status to the "Romanian" language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Chisinau Recognizes Romanian As Official Language )〕 The language of the Moldovans has been historically identified by both terms, with "Moldovan" being the only one allowed in official use in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic. The resolution, which at times also declared Moldovan a language independent of Romanian, was introduced in the context of the Soviet policy emphasizing the differences between Moldovans and Romanians. The identity between the mother tongues of the Moldovans and Romanians has been officially acknowledged since the reintroduction of the Latin script in 1989;〔 Legea cu privire la funcționarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenești nr. 3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr. 9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): ''"Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the really existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity — of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their mother tongue."''〕 the 1991 Declaration of Independence of Moldova thereupon called the official language "Romanian". Nevertheless, the 1994 Constitution only provided official status to "Moldovan". The status of the official language was further legislated in the early 2000s, when the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopted a law defining "Moldovan" and "Romanian" as ''designations'' for the same language (glottonyms).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=312846 )〕 In 2013 the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the name "Romanian" given in the Declaration of Independence prevails over the name "Moldovan" given in the Article 13.〔 The breakaway region of Transnistria continues to recognize "Moldovan" as one of its official languages, along with Russian and Ukrainian.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika )〕 In the general population, while a majority of the inhabitants in the capital city of Chișinău〔National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: (Census 2004 ): Population by main nationalities, mother tongue and language usually spoken〕 and, according to surveys, people with higher education〔(CBS AXA/IPP nov. 2012 )〕 name their language "Romanian", barely a seventh of the countryside residents indicated Romanian as their native language at the last census.〔 The variety of Romanian spoken in Moldova is the Moldavian subdialect, which is also spoken in northeastern Romania. The two countries share the same literary standard.〔James Minahan, ''Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1989, p. 276〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Library of Congress – Moldova, Country Study ) (【引用サイトリンク】title=Encyclopædia Britannica (via www.indiana.edu) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NYU LAW, A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Sovietization of Moldova )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ethnologue, data on Moldova )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕〔 Л. И. Лухт, Б. П. Нарумов. Румынский язык // Языки мира. Романские языки. М., Academia, Институт языкознания РАН, 2001〕 Written in Cyrillic,〔Derived from the Russian alphabet and developed in the Soviet Union since the 1930s, the modern Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is different from the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet used in the Principality of Moldavia and by the other Moldovan/Wallachian language speakers before 1857: Denis Deletant, Slavonic letters in Moldova, Wallachia & Transylvania from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries, Ed. Enciclopedicӑ, Bucharest, 1991〕 Moldovan is also the name of one of three official languages of the breakaway Moldovan territory of Transnistria.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika )〕 The word Moldavian is also used to refer collectively to the north-eastern varieties of spoken Romanian, spread approximately within the territory of the former Principality of Moldavia (now split between Moldova and Romania). The Moldavian variety is considered one of the five major spoken varieties of Romanian, all five being written identically. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, the border between Romania and Moldova. In schools in Moldova the name "Romanian language" has been used since independence. In 2007, former Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin asked for it to be changed to "Moldovan language", but due to public pressure that never materialized. The standard alphabet is equivalent to the Romanian alphabet (based on the Latin alphabet). Until 1918, varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet were used. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet was used in 1924–1932 and 1938–89, and remains in use in Transnistria. == History and politics == The history of the Moldovan language refers to the historical evolution of the glottonym ''Moldavian''/''Moldovan'' in Moldova and beyond, which is closely tied to the region's political status, with long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union influencing the language's name and (when Cyrillic script was in use) orthography. From a linguistic perspective, this term is an alternative name for the varieties of the Romanian language spoken in the Republic of Moldova (see History of the Romanian language). Before 1918 and also after the union of Bessarabia with Romania, it was not obvious nor universally accepted that Moldovans and the Romanians formed a single ethnic group. Missing out all the important moments in the creation of a pan-Romanian national consciousness, the Moldovan peasants referred to themselves and their language as "Moldovan" - also in the period between the wars. This caused reactions from pan-Romanian nationalists. The concept of the distinction of Moldovan from Romanian was explicitly stated only in the early 20th century, and accompanied the raising of national awareness among Moldovans, with the Soviets placing heavy emphasis on Moldavians vs Romanians as a reaction to this awareness.〔(Library of the US Congress Country Study, Moldova – Language, Religion and Culture – Language: "Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct 'Moldavian' language was an indicator that 'Moldavians' were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania. In order to give greater credence to this claim, in 1940 Stalin imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on 'Moldavian' to make it look more like Russian and less like Romanian; archaic Romanian words of Slavic origin were imposed on "Moldavian"; Russian loanwords and phrases were added to 'Moldavian'; and a new theory was advanced that "Moldavian" was at least partially Slavic in origin. (Romanian is a Romance language descended from Latin.) In 1949 Moldavian citizens were publicly reprimanded in a journal for daring to express themselves in literary Romanian. The Soviet government continued this type of behavior for decades. Proper names in Moldova were subjected to Russianization as well. Russian endings were added to purely Romanian names, and individuals were referred to in the Russian manner by using a patronymic (based on one's father's first name) as a middle name." )〕 Major recent developments include the change to using a Latin script (rather than Cyrillic letters) in 1989 and several changes in the statutory name of the language used in Moldova. At one point of particular confusion about identity in the 1990s, all references to geography in the name of the language were dropped, and it was officially known simply as ' — "the state language". Moldovan was assigned the code mo in ISO 639-1 and code mol in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3〔SIL International: (ISO 639 code sets: Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mol )〕 but these have been deprecated since November 2008, leaving ro and ron (639-2/T) and rum (639-2/B) the language identifiers to be used for the variant of the Romanian language also known as Moldavian and Moldovan in English, the ISO 639-2 Registration Authority said in the motivation of the decision.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Code Changes: ISO 639-2 Registration Authority ) 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ISO 639 JAC decision re mo/mol )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Moldovan language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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